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Title: Agricultural Advisors In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three agricultural advisers stand in a sugar cane field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions and land reform advocates as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Oligarchy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0271_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96399
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer farmer walks with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0065_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96193
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer farmer weeds with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0066_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96194
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Four day laborer farmers stand in a field they recently cleared on the cooperative farm El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. El Salvador's primary-export economic structure in the 20th century concentrated land ownership and income in the hands of a small elite. This oligarchy effectively marginalized the rural sector of the population by closing political and social arenas as well as economic, which resulted in high levels of support for guerrilla insurgents in certain departments of the country.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; Insurgency
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0067_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96195
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer uses a long-bladed saw to cut wooden planks on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. El Salvador's primary-export economic structure in the 20th century concentrated land ownership and income in the hands of a small elite. This oligarchy effectively marginalized the rural sector of the population by closing political and social arenas as well as economic, which resulted in high levels of support for guerrilla insurgents in certain departments of the country.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; Insurgency
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0068_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96196
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Coffee Harvest In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran laborers use a cucharón to load bags of freshly picked coffee beans for export at a privately-owned coffee finca in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. El Salvador relied on a primary-export economic model throughout the 20th century with the production of sugar cane, coffee, and cotton as the country's principal national income.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Labor; Agriculture; Land reform; Oligarchy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0092_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96220
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Coffee Workers In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran laborers load bags of freshly picked coffee beans destined for export at a privately-owned coffee finca in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1983. El Salvador's primary-export economic structure in the 20th century concentrated land ownership and income in the hands of a small economic elite. This oligarchy effectively marginalized the rural sector of the population by closing political and social arenas as well as economic, which resulted in high levels of support for guerrilla insurgents in certain departments of the country.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Agriculture; Economy; Export; Land reform; Oligarchy; Insurgency
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0028_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96156
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: D'Aubuisson Campaigns In Santa Tecla
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson, center, founder of right-wing conservative party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, campaigns during a presidential rally in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. ARENA was established in 1981 and was primarily supported by right-wing extremists and members of the country's economic elite. D'Aubuisson's connection with the death squads made him a controversial figure in United States-Salvadoran relations during the war. He did, however, receive support from influential U.S. Republicans looking to safeguard economic interests, proving no coincidence in the name Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (National Republican Alliance).
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Human rights violations; Death squads; Oligarchy; Right-wing extremists; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0042_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96170
Rights statement: Copyright 1984 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: D'Aubuisson Campaigns In Santa Tecla
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson, center, founder of right-wing conservative party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, addresses a crowd during a presidential campaign rally in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. D'Aubuisson had previously served as Deputy Director of the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, known as the intelligence sector of the death squads, and was named responsible as giving the orders for the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero on March 24, 1980. D'Aubuisson died of throat cancer at the age of 48 in February of 1992, one month after the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Human rights violations; Death squads; Oligarchy; Right-wing extremists; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0043_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96171
Rights statement: Copyright 1984 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: D’Aubuisson Meets Archbishop Rivera y Damas
Date: 1983-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson (1944-1992), center left, shakes hands with Roman Catholic Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas (1923-1994), right, at an event in San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. Salvadoran President Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja (1925-2001), center, looks on. D’Aubuisson helped establish the paramilitary network of death squads around the country in the late 1970s was named responsible as giving the orders for the assassination of Rivera y Damas’ predecessor, Archbishop Óscar Romero, on March 24, 1980.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Government; Oligarchy; Human rights violations; Death squads; Roberto D'Aubuisson; Arturo Rivera y Damas; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja; Óscar Romero
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D'Aubuisson; Arturo Rivera y Damas; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0254_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96721
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: D’Aubuisson Meets Monsignor José Oscar Barahona Castillo
Date: 1983-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson (1944-1992), left, shakes hands with Roman Catholic Bishop José Oscar Barahona Castillo (1938-2016), right, at an event in San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. Salvadoran President Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja (1925-2001), center, looks on. D’Aubuisson founded the extreme right-wing political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, in 1980. He was known to have close ties to the death squads and had a reputation for extreme violence.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Government; Oligarchy; Human rights violations; Death squads; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D'Aubuisson; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja; José Oscar Barahona Castillo
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0255_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96722
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Funeral Procession For ARENA Member
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View of mourners in a funeral procession for a member of the political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, who was killed during the 1982 campaign for presidential elections, central El Salvador, March 1, 1982. ARENA was founded in 1981 from a convergence of the landowning oligarchy and the extreme anti-communist right. The party received formative support from Guatemala’s fascist ultra-right political party Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, and from influential members of the Republican party of the United States. Founding member and party leader Roberto D’Aubuisson was known to have close ties to the death squads and had a reputation for extreme violence.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Funerals; Death squads; Human rights violations; Right-wing extremists; Oligarchy; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0018_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96485
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Labor Union Press Conference Displaying Death Threats
Date: 1984-10-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: At a press conference, a leader of the left-wing labor union coalition Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador, Unitary Trade Union and Guild Movement of El Salvador, MUSYGES, displays a headline in the El Mundo daily newspaper reporting threats by the right-wing death squad Éjercito Secreto Anticomunista, Secret Anticommunist Army, ESA, in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 5, 1984. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres, as well as their connection to right-wing death squads.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Labor unions; Activism; Death squads; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador (MUSYGES)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0131_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96259
Rights statement: Copyright 1984 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Labor Union Press Conference Displaying Death Threats
Date: 1984-10-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: At a press conference, a leader of the left-wing labor union coalition Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador, Unitary Trade Union and Guild Movement of El Salvador, MUSYGES, displays a headline in the El Mundo daily newspaper reporting threats by the right-wing death squad Éjercito Secreto Anticomunista, Secret Anticommunist Army, ESA, in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 5, 1984. MUSYGES was founded in 1983 as a result of the coordination amongst union activists working clandestinely in urban zones. Although it dissolved in November of 1984 over factional disputes, MUSYGES, in its short existence, led demands against state repression and wage controls in place since 1980 and opened space for labor organizing later in the decade.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Labor unions; Activism; Death squads; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador (MUSYGES)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0132_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96260

Title: New Cadets Arrive At The Salvadoran Military Academy
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: New cadets arrive for their first day at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1983. Lack of opportunity for social and economic ascension led many young Salvadorans towards military inscription. Graduates from this competitive academy would go on to occupy key positions in the state-military apparatus.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Oligarchy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0246_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96374

Title: New Cadets Arrive At The Salvadoran Military Academy
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: New cadets arrive for their first day at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 1, 1983. Lack of opportunity for social and economic ascension led many young Salvadorans towards military inscription. Graduates from this competitive academy would go on to occupy key positions in the state-military apparatus.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Oligarchy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0240_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96368

Title: New Cadets Arrive At The Salvadoran Military Academy
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: New cadets arrive for their first day at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 1, 1983. Lack of opportunity for social and economic ascension led many young Salvadorans towards military inscription. Graduates from this competitive academy would go on to occupy key positions in the state-military apparatus.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Oligarchy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0245_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96373

Title: New Cadets Arrive At The Salvadoran Military Academy
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: New cadets arrive for their first day at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 1, 1983. Lack of opportunity for social and economic ascension led many young Salvadorans towards military inscription. Graduates from this competitive academy would go on to occupy key positions in the state-military apparatus.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Oligarchy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0244_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96372

Title: Newlyweds In Colonia Escalón, San Salvador
Date: 1984-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Leon Alfredo Barahon and his wife María Inés Artiga on the day of their wedding in Colonia Escalón, San Salvador, El Salvador, September 27, 1984. The couple worked for one of the largest landowning families in El Salvador. The Salvadoran armed conflict was at its root a class conflict. The country's high economic disparity had existed since Spanish colonial rule and continued after the peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Oligarchy
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Leon Alfredo Barahon; María Inés Artiga
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0143_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96271

Title: A Portait Of A Salvadoran Family
Date: 1984-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Relatives of the bride and groom María Inés Artiga and León Alfredo Barahon stand for a photograph following their wedding in San Salvador, El Salvador, September 27, 1984. The couple worked for one of the largest landowning families in El Salvador. At the time, the country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Oligarchy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0127_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96255

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