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Title: Art Grau Interview, October 22, 2020
Date: October 22, 2020
Creator: Art Grau; Connor Mitchell
Description: Art Grau served in the US Army during the Vietnam War. He served with the 1st Air Cav unit and worked in Army Intelligence. He arrived in Vietnam during the Tet Offensive and speaks about his time in Vietnam and his return to civilian life after his tour of duty.
Subject: army intelligence; First Air Cavalry; helicopters; reconnaissance; Tet; Tet Offensive; Bien Hoa Airbase; Vietnam War; Hue; Camp Evans; US Army; Vietnam; Thailand; Queen's Cobras; Germany; armored personnel carriers; ambush; memoir; writing; book; author
Country: United States
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/humanitiestruck:2549
Rights statement: Rights belong to the Humanities Truck at American University’s Library.

Title: Civilians Vote in Presidential Elections
Date: 1984-03-25
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman places her ballot after voting in the national presidential elections in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 25, 1984. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, PDC, was elected president after a second run-off election that ended on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington’s interests.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Elections; Voting; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0181_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96648
Rights statement: Copyright 1984 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Col. Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez In Department Of Cabañas
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2, points to a map describing FMLN guerrilla movement and infiltration routes at the military headquarters in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa's command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0152_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96280
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Col. Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez In Department Of Cabañas
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2, stands in a hallway at the military headquarters in Sensuntepeque, Cabañas department, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa’s command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0043_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96510
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez Speaks In Sesuntepeque, Cabañas
Date: 1984-09-30
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, former commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2 and current head of the Fourth Brigade, speaks at a public gathering in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, September 30, 1984. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa's command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0120_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96248
Rights statement: Copyright 1984 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Death Squad Victims Covered Bodies
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of residents look underneath a sheet covering two bodies killed and dumped by a right-wing death squad on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, February 1, 1982. Death squads in El Salvador emerged from the paramilitary groups Organización Democrática Nacionalista, National Democratic Organization, ORDEN, and Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, founded in the early 1960s with funding and administrative assistance from the C.I.A. and U.S. agents during the Kennedy administration. In the civil war the death squads were organized primarily by the right-wing landowning oligarchy and members of the political and military elite, including founder of the political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Death squads; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0017_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96484
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0032_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96881
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0038_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96887
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0039_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96888
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0042_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96891
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: José Napoleón Duarte After 1982 Election
Date: 1982-03-28
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: President of the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, Revolutionary Government Junta, JRG, José Napoleón Duarte addresses a press conference following the presidential election in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 28, 1982. National elections were called to transition power from the JRG to a provisional civilian president. The Constituent Assembly elected Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja to succeed Duarte on May 2, 1982.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC); José Napoleón Duarte; Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno (JRG); Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: José Napoleón Duarte
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0052_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96180
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: José Napoleón Duarte After 1982 Election
Date: 1982-03-28
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: President of the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, Revolutionary Government Junta, JRG, José Napoleón Duarte addresses a press conference following the presidential election in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 28, 1982. National elections were called to transition power from the JRG to a provisional civilian president. The Constituent Assembly elected Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja to succeed Duarte on May 2, 1982.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC); José Napoleón Duarte; Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno (JRG); Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: José Napoleón Duarte
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0053_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96181
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Local Photographer In Rural Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local photographer prepares to take a picture in a rural town in Huehuetenango department, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0094_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96943
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Mario Sandoval Alarcón In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Presidential candidate Mario Sandoval Alarcón, the leader of the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, speaks to media during an interview in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 1, 1982. Sandoval was one of the CIA's leading protégés in the 1954 coup to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz. Known as the "godfather" of the Central American death squads, he trained the notorious Salvadoran Roberto D'Aubuisson along with other paramilitary and death squad leaders. Sandoval was a leader and organizer of the Guatemalan chapter of the World Anti-Communist Leage (WACL), which served as an international lobby for covert and paramilitary operations including funding for the contras in Nicaragua and Operation Condor in the Southern Cone.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Politics; Government; Elections; Cold War; Coup d'état; Military; Death squads; Counterinsurgency; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN); Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0063_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96788

Title: Mario Sandoval Alarcón Interviewed After Coup By Ríos Montt
Date: 1982-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Mario Sandoval Alarcón, the candidate from the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, in the 1982 presidential elections, is interviewed by journalists following a military coup d'état the previous day in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 24, 1982. Sandoval was one of the CIA's leading protégés in the 1954 coup to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz. Known as the "godfather" of the Central American death squads, he trained the notorious Salvadoran Roberto D'Aubuisson along with other paramilitary and death squad leaders. Sandoval was a leader and organizer of the Guatemalan chapter of the World Anti-Communist Leage (WACL), which served as an international lobby for covert and paramilitary operations including funding for the contras in Nicaragua and Operation Condor in the Southern Cone.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; Politics; United States foreign policy; Coup d'état; Military; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Cold War; Dictatorship; Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0061_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96910

Title: On The Outskirts Of Guatemala City
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A young man rides his horse through farm land near the outskirts of Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Human rights violations; Daily life; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0046_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96771

Title: Photo Identity Pictures Displayed In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A window box of identity card pictures is displayed in front of a photography store in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1982. The United States provided extensive support to the Guatemalan military and police programs to establish a counterintelligence apparatus that monitored the activities of all civilians in the name of identifying subversives. This was especially effective in the capital, where the remaining urban insurgency was effectively forced out to the countryside by 1981. The U.S. programs of surveillance that were established in Guatemala as early as the 1950s provided the Guatemalan state ample ability to identify and eradicate its opposition throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Foreign aid; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0058_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96783

Title: Post Presidential Press Conference With President José Napoleón Duarte
Date: 1984-05-12
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: International and Salvadoran media attend a press conference given by the newly-elected President José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 12, 1984. Duarte was officially declared the winner after a second run-off election between the PDC and the right-wing party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, Nationalist Republican Alliance, ARENA. The PDC victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid provided by the C.I.A. to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington's demands.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Foreign correspondents; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC); Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); José Napoleón Duarte
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0094_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96222

Title: President José Napolean Duarte After 1984 Election
Date: 1984-03-28
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: José Napoleón Duarte addresses a press conference following the national presidential elections in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 28, 1984. Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, was officially declared the winner after a second run-off election that ended on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington's interests.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC); José Napoleón Duarte
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: José Napoleón Duarte
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0308_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96436

Title: Salvadoran Army Officers Attend A Military Ceremony In Santa Tecla
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran military commanders and the head of the Treasury Police Colonel Nicolás Carranza, 3rd left, sit during a military ceremony at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. Carranza worked with Roberto D'Aubuisson and José Guillermo García to establish the paramilitary network of death squads around the country in the late 1970s. As Vice Minister of Defense from 1979 to 1981 and head of the notorious Treasury Police in 1983, he exercised command over the forces responsible for widespread attacks on civilians. A paid CIA informant who received $90,000 annually to procure intelligence on the Salvadoran left, he resided in the United States from 1985 until his death in 2017. In 2015, Carranza was found guilty in United States Federal District Court for crimes against humanity, extrajudicial assassination, and torture.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Human rights violations; Death squads; Trials; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Roberto D'Aubuisson; José Guillermo García; Nicolás Carranza
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Nicolás Carranza
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0007_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96135

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